Cell Structure - Full Review

During the seventeenth century, the first light microscopes were constructed by whom?

What is the name of the scientific field dedicated to the study of cells?

Illuminating specimens under the light microscope with which color of light was found to give considerably more resolution than when using other colors?

With a transmission electron microscope, a beam of electrons with what property compared to visible light is passed through a thinly sliced specimen?

Of the following, the most recent advance in microscope technology that enables scientists to observe the most highly detailed views of individual living cells is called what?

In 1665, who described having seen what he called cells in a piece of cork?

All of the following statements concerning cell theory are correct except one. Which statement is incorrect?

A cell becomes too large to maintain a stable internal environment when which of the following occurs?

It has been stated that the larger the cell, the ______ to maintain control over the entire internal environment.

The interior of a living cell is made up of which of the following?

A colloid may become a gel, depending on which of the following?

The plasma membrane provides which of the following to the cell?

When energy is used to move molecules from one location to another, it is termed what?

The net movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration of that substance is called what?

The particles moving away from the area of greatest concentration of that substance will produce a what?

A partially or differentially permeable membrane is called a what?

The pressure exerted by dissolved particles in a solution or colloid that pulls water across a semipermeable membrane is known as what?

When there is a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of pure water, the two sides are at what state?

When the osmotic pressure is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane, each solution is said to be what?

Plasma membranes contain what structures that help move certain substances in and out of the cell?

To move substances such as glucose across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, which of the following is true?

The most extensively studied active transport systems use which high-energy molecule to maintain the systems?

The capacity of the plasma membrane to fuse with or engulf particulate matter and then pinch off and move out of the cell is known as what?

When liquids or macromolecules are engulfed and moved into the cell, this kind of endocytosis is known as what?

Both plant and animal cells possess a plasma membrane, but only plant cells have a what?

The cell wall is a product of the cellular protoplasm and is primarily composed of which complex polysaccharide and related compounds?

Where two cell walls come in contact, a layer called the middle lamella is laid down between the two cells. This continuous layer is usually composed of what?

The complex polysaccharide, usually in the form of calcium pectate, that binds plant cells together is known as what?

The long threadlike structures that make up much of the cell wall and are laid down in a loose network are known as what?

The connected network of similar membranes that connect structures within the cell is called what?

The thin protoplasmic connections that often run from one plant cell to the next through pores in the cell walls are known as what?

When animal cells are in water with a low osmotic pressure relative to their interior, water moves in and the cells ultimately burst due to their distension. This bursting is called what?

Well-defined subcellular structures that are enveloped in membranes are called what?

The large fluid-filled spaces enveloped in membranes that are found in many cells, particularly in plant cells, are what?

The large organelle containing chromosomes is what?

It is the sequence of what that gives a specific nucleic acid its distinctive properties?

When the cell is not dividing, there is a conspicuous dark area within the nucleus that contains a high concentration of ribonucleic acid and protein. What is this structure?

All nuclear structures are embedded in a viscous colloidal material called what?

The nucleus is bounded by what structure, which consists of two complete membranes similar in structure to the plasma membrane?

Attached to the outside of the nuclear membrane are many other membranes of what structure, which appear to be important in assisting the two-way flow of materials to and from the nucleus?

What is the endoplasmic reticulum — a series of double-layered membranes found throughout the cytoplasm that greatly increases the surface area available for enzymes involved in chemical reactions, particularly those leading to protein synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum may occur with and without being lined with small particles that are the actual sites of protein synthesis. What are these particles called?

Besides being found singly and on endoplasmic reticulum, some ribosomes occur in clumps or clusters. These are collectively known as what?

Certain substances synthesized in the ribosomes move along the endoplasmic reticulum to which organelle, where they are concentrated?

Chemicals concentrated and stored in the Golgi apparatus are later released from the cell by secretory vesicles produced by the outer portion of the Golgi apparatus when it moves to where?

Some simple sugars may be modified in the Golgi apparatus, synthesizing more complex polysaccharides that are attached to proteins forming what compounds, used for mucus secretion?

Which organelle contains strong digestive enzymes that act as the cell's digestive system, making it possible for the cell to process particles taken in by pinocytosis or phagocytosis?

Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, which organelle supplies the cell with chemical energy in the form of the high-energy molecule adenosine triphosphate?

The inner membranes of the mitochondria have many inwardly directed folds that extend into a semifluid matrix. What are these folds called?

In plastids, stacks of lamellae are called what?

The many double membranes found in plastids are called what?

The proteinaceous matrix inside plastids is known as what?

Plastids filled with starch are called what?

Most plastids that contain yellow, orange, or red pigments are called what?

The chromoplasts that contain green pigment are known as what?

In addition to chlorophyll, chloroplasts also contain other pigments, particularly the yellow and orange ones. What are these called?

Much of the total volume of most plant cells is comprised of a single what?

Vacuoles are surrounded by a membrane known as what?

The liquid inside the vacuole is called what?

Membrane-bound fluid-filled spaces in plant and animal cells, which in some plant cells comprise much of the total cell volume, are what?

Some single-celled organisms have a specialized type of vacuole that is important in expelling excess water and waste from the cell. What are these called?

Within a cell's cytoplasm are many long, thin protein fibers that are only about six nanometers in diameter. Depending on local conditions in the cell, these can exist either as subunits or as filaments. What are these called?

The constant movement of cytoplasm within a cell is called what?

Cilia and flagella are cytoplasmic outgrowths from the surface of the cell, surrounded by extensions of the cell membrane. What is the base of a long cilium or flagellum called?

During interphase in animal cells, but not in most plant cells, two cylindrical bodies oriented at right angles to each other are found just outside the nucleus. They move apart and organize the mitotic apparatus of the dividing cell. These organelles are what?