Advantages of using a DMBS approach

In a university, the course registration personnel and the accounting office are processing the students details in two separate excel sheets.  Each group has its own version of the students. The accounting office keeps data on registration and related billing information, whereas the registration office keeps track of student courses and grades. Other groups may further duplicate some or all of the same data in their own files.

The practice of intentionally introducing redundancy to improve query performance is called 1($).  The DBMS must then have mechanism to 2($) this redundancy to prevent inconsistencies.

These two tables have been purposely kept redundant to improve query peformance.  However, the DBMS controls were not effective.  Can you identify which attribute is inconsistent?

STUDENT TABLE

GRADE REPORT TABLE

To speed up disk searches, the DBMS uses auxiliary files called 1($), which are often based on tree or 2($) data structures.  The 3($) module is responsible for maintaining parts of the database in main memory buffers.

A key capability of a DBMS is to easily represent and retrieve data based on complex relationships. In a UNIVERSITY database, a single STUDENT record is related to multiple GRADE_REPORT records. 

This is an example of what kind of relationship?

Constraints that are derived from the meaning of the data and its environment are often called 1($).  Rules that are fundamental to a specific data model, like a relationship involving two entities, are called 2($) rules of the data model.