Characteristics of the Database Approach

In traditional file processing, each user defines and implements the files needed for a specific software application as part of programming the application

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The main characteristics of the database approach versus the file-processing approach are the following

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Self-describing nature of a database system

Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

Support of multiple views of the data

Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

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The information stored in the catalog is called ______ and it describes the structure of the primary database

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Newer types of database systems, known as NOSQL systems, do not require meta-data

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The data in NOSQL systems is stored as self-describing data that includes the data item names and data values together in one structure

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A general-purpose DBMS software package is written for a specific database application

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The catalog is used by the DBMS software and also by database users who need information about the database structure

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A general-purpose DBMS software may not work equally well with different database applications

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Traditional file processing approach may entail the risk of changing all programs that access a file if the file structure is changed

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The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the access programs which do not require changing access programs most of the time.

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This is called program-data ____________

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Which one of these tables is likely to raise changes in its accessing programs?

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(Table A) Student record structure definition in a traditional file process application

Date Item Name	Starting Position in Record	Length in Characters (bytes)
Name	1	30
Student_Number	31	4
Class	35	1
Major	36	4

(Table B) Student record structure definition in DBMS

Column_Name	Data_type	Belongs_to_Relation
Name	Character(30)	Student
Student_number	Character(4)	Student
Class	Integer(1)	Student
Major	Major_type	Student

Table A

Table B

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Examples of database types that allow operations on data as part of the database definitions

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Object-oriented system

Object-relational system

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An operation in an object-oriented database is also called

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a method

a function

a method or a function

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Operation interface

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In an object-oriented database, an interface (or (1)) of an operation includes the operation name and the data types of its arguments (or parameters).

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Operation implementation

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In object-oriented database, the implementation (or (1)) of the operation is specified separately and can be changed without affecting the interface.

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Program-operation independence

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In object-oriented database, user application programs can operate on the data by invoking these operations through their names and (1), regardless of how the operations are implemented. This may be termed (2).

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arguments

program-operation independence

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The characteristic that allows program-data independence and program-operation independence is called

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data normalisation

data minimization

data analysis

data abstraction

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A DBMS provides users with ________ representation of data hiding most of the storage and implementation details

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A type of data abstraction

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A _________ model is a type of data abstraction that is used to provide a conceptual representation of data that does not include many of the details of how the data is stored or how the operations are implemented.

data

information

knowledge

object

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A data model ________ storage and implementation details

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hides

shows

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A typical database user is concerned with the location of each data item within a record or its length in a database system

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In the database approach, the detailed structure and organization of each file are stored in the _________

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Only one data model can be used to provide data abstraction to database users

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In object-oriented and object-relational databases, the abstraction process includes

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the data structure

the operations on the data

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CALCULATE_GPA operation

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A user using an object-oriented or object-relational database cares so much about the operation details of the CALCULATE_GPA operation over the STUDENT record

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Database Views

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A perspective or a (1) may be a (2) of the database or it may contain (3) that is derived from the database files but is not explicitly stored.

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view

virtual data

subset

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A multiuser DBMS whose users have a variety of distinct applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views

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A multiuser DBMS, as its name implies, must allow multiple users to access the database at the same time

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Moderating data access

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The DBMS must include ___________ software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data do so in a controlled manner so that the result of the updates is correct.

concurrency control

redundancy control

capacity control

access control

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Seat reservation in an airline flight

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Several reservation agents try to assign a seat on an airline flight, the DBMS should ensure that each seat can be accessed by _____________ for assignment to a passenger.

maximum two agents at a time

more than one agent at a time

only one agent at a time

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OLTP applications

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Multiuser DBMS software which ensures that concurrent transactions operate correctly and efficiently is generally called

order transaction processing

online transaction processing

omnipresence transaction processing

orchestrating transaction processing

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Executing program or process

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A _______ is an executing program or process that includes one or more database accesses, such as reading or updating of database records.

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The DBMS must enforce several transaction properties including

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isolation

atomicity

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A DBMS property executing a transaction independently and safely

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In DBMS, The _________ property ensures that each transaction appears to execute independently from other transactions, even though hundreds of transactions may be executing concurrently.

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The ___________ property ensures that either all the database operations in a transaction are executed or none are.

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