Static Type Binding

Explicit vs Implicit declaration

An (1) is a statement in a program that lists variable names and specifies that they are a particular type.
An (2) is a means of associating variables with types through default conventions, rather than declaration statements.

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explicit declaration

implicit declaration

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Explicit declaration of variables

Most widely used programming languages that use static type binding exclusively and were designed since the mid-1960s require explicit declarations of all variables.

True

False

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Perl, JavaScript, Ruby, and ML programming languages do not require explicit declaration of variables

True

False

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Implicit variable type binding is done by the language processor, either a compiler or an interpreter

True

False

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Fortran implicit declaration

An identifier that appears in a program that is not explicitly declared is implicitly declared according to the following convention: If the identifier begins with one of the letters I, J, K, L, M, or N, or their lowercase versions, it is implicitly declared to be Integer type; otherwise, it is implicitly declared to be Real type.

True

False

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Fortran Implicit none

Many Fortran programmers now include the declaration Implicit none in their programs. This declaration instructs the compiler to

not implicitly declare any variables

implicitly declare any variables not explicitly declared

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Starting names with special characters in Perl

Some of the problems with implicit declarations can be avoided by requiring names for specific types to begin with particular special characters. In Perl

Any name that begins with $ is a (1) , which can store either a string or a numeric value.
If a name begins with @, it is an (2) .
If it begins with a %, it is a (3) .

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hash structure

scalar

array

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In Perl, the names @apple and %apple are related

True

False

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Programming languages that use context to implicitly determine the type of a variable is sometimes called type

inference

reference

difference

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Assign the type that C# infers for the following declarations

var sum = 0;(1)
var total = 0.0;(2)
var name = "Fred";(3)

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float

int

string

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Choose the languages that use context to infer variable type

Visual BASIC 9.0+

Haskell

OCaml

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