Requirements Elicitation and Analysis

This quiz covers the four-step elicitation and analysis cycle, stakeholders and their identification, the challenges of eliciting requirements, and the four main discovery techniques: requirements discovery (viewpoints), interviewing, scenarios, use cases, and ethnography - including their strengths, limitations, and how they complement each other

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QUESTION OF

Views #: 7

Questions #: 22

Time: 20 minutes

Pass Score: 80.0%

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Step

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The Elicitation and Analysis Cycle

2 pts

Please drag and drop the options to sort them

The requirements elicitation and analysis process consists of four activities that cycle iteratively. Sort them in the correct cyclic order starting from the first activity.

Requirements Discovery

Requirements Classification and Organization

Requirements Prioritization and Negotiation

Requirements Specification

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Definition of a Stakeholder

1 pts

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A system stakeholder is best defined as:

Only the people who will pay for the system to be developed

Anyone who should have some direct or indirect influence on the system requirements

Only the end-users who will interact directly with the completed system

Only the software engineers who will build the system

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Stakeholders for MHC-PMS

2 pts

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For the MHC-PMS mental health care patient information system, which of the following are system stakeholders? Select all that apply.

Patients whose information is recorded in the system

Medical receptionists who manage patients' appointments

The shareholders of the company that procures the system

A medical ethics manager who ensures the system meets ethical guidelines

Doctors responsible for assessing and treating patients

Healthcare managers who obtain management information

Nurses who coordinate consultations and administer treatments

IT staff responsible for installing and maintaining the system

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Difficulties in Elicitation

2 pts

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Which of the following are recognized difficulties in eliciting and understanding requirements from stakeholders? Select all that apply.

Stakeholders naturally express requirements in their own terms with implicit domain knowledge that engineers may not understand

Stakeholders often don't know what they want except in the most general terms and may make unrealistic demands

Political factors may influence requirements — managers may demand requirements to increase their organizational influence

Different stakeholders have different and sometimes conflicting requirements

The economic environment changes during analysis, causing requirements priorities to shift

All stakeholders are always available and willing to participate in requirements meetings

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Requirements Discovery — Definition

1 pts

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Requirements discovery (sometimes called requirements elicitation) is the process of:

Negotiating conflicts between stakeholder requirements

Writing requirements into a formal specification document

Gathering information about the required system and existing systems, and distilling user and system requirements from this information

Testing the requirements document for completeness and consistency

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Viewpoints

1 pts

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A viewpoint in requirements discovery is best described as:

A way of collecting and organizing requirements from a group of stakeholders who have something in common

A UML diagram showing the system architecture

A prioritized list of features ranked by business value

A formal mathematical model of the system

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Viewpoints — Independence

1 pts

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True or False: Different viewpoints on a system problem are completely independent of each other with no shared or overlapping requirements.

True

False

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Types of Interviews

1 pts

Requirements engineering interviews can be of two main types. Match each type to its description.

To complete the line match

Click on an item in the first group
Click on the match in the second group

To delete a match, double click on a line

Interview Type

Closed Interviews

Open Interviews

Description

No pre-defined agenda; the requirements engineering team explores a range of issues with stakeholders to develop a better understanding of their needs

The stakeholder answers a pre-defined set of questions

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What Interviews Are Good For

1 pts

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Interviews are good for which of the following? Select all that apply.

Getting an overall understanding of what stakeholders do and how they might interact with the new system

Understanding the difficulties that stakeholders face with current systems

Discovering organizational requirements and constraints driven by subtle power relationships

Eliciting deep domain knowledge and terminology from application specialists

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Two Reasons Interviews Fail for Domain Knowledge

2 pts

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Interviews can be difficult for eliciting domain knowledge for two specific reasons. Identify both reasons.

Domain knowledge can only be captured in mathematical notation

Domain specialists use terminology and jargon that is specific to their domain, which requirements engineers may misunderstand

Some domain knowledge is so familiar to stakeholders that they assume it is obvious and don't think to mention it

Domain specialists are always too busy to participate in interviews

Interviews always take too long for domain knowledge topics

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Effective Interviewer Characteristics

2 pts

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Which two characteristics make a requirements interviewer most effective?

They interview only senior managers, avoiding end-users

They are open-minded, avoid pre-conceived ideas, and are willing to change their mind when stakeholders raise surprising requirements

They prompt interviewees using a springboard question, a requirements proposal, or a prototype to get discussions going

They insist on meeting minimum interview length targets regardless of content

They always use only closed questions with a fixed questionnaire

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Scenarios — Definition and Purpose

1 pts

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Why are scenarios useful in requirements elicitation?

They provide formal mathematical proofs of system correctness

They replace the need for any other elicitation technique

People find it easier to relate to real-life examples rather than abstract descriptions; scenarios let stakeholders understand and criticize how they might interact with a system

They automatically generate source code for the system

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Elements of a Scenario

2 pts

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At its most general, a scenario should include which of the following elements? Select all that apply.

A description of the normal flow of events

A detailed cost-benefit analysis of the feature

Information about other activities that might be going on at the same time

A description of the system state when the scenario finishes

A description of what can go wrong and how it is handled

A description of what the system and users expect when the scenario starts (initial assumption)

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Use Cases — Origin

1 pts

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Use cases as a requirements discovery technique were first introduced in:

The IEEE software engineering standards

Extreme Programming (Beck, 1999)

The Objectory method (Jacobson et al., 1993)

The UML standard developed by OMG

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UML Use Case Diagram Elements

1 pts

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In a UML use case diagram, how are actors and interactions represented?

Actors as stick figures; each class of interaction as a named ellipse; lines link actors to interactions

Actors as rectangles; interactions as arrows

Both actors and interactions as named rectangles connected by labeled arrows

Actors as clouds; interactions as rounded rectangles

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Use Cases vs. Scenarios

1 pts

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True or False: There is a hard and fast distinction between scenarios and use cases — they are fundamentally different techniques with no overlap.

False

True

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Limitations of Use Cases

2 pts

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Use cases and scenarios are effective for eliciting requirements from stakeholders who interact directly with the system. However, they are NOT effective for which types of requirements? Select all that apply.

High-level business and non-functional requirements

Domain requirements

Constraints on system behavior from external regulations

Functional requirements describing user interactions

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Ethnography — Definition

1 pts

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Ethnography is best described as:

An observational technique where an analyst immerses in the working environment where the system will be used, observing day-to-day work to discover implicit requirements

A graphical modeling technique using UML diagrams

A structured interview technique using closed questions

A technique for formally specifying requirements in a mathematical notation

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Why Ethnography Discovers What Interviews Miss

1 pts

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Why do people often find it difficult to articulate details of their work in an interview, making ethnography necessary?

Because interview sessions are always too short to cover work details

Because they are deliberately hiding information from the requirements engineer

Because the work details are second nature to them — they understand their own work but may not recognize its relationship to other work in the organization, and social factors only become clear to an unbiased observer

Because they are not intelligent enough to describe their work

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Two Types of Requirements Ethnography Discovers

2 pts

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Ethnography is particularly effective for discovering two specific types of requirements. Identify both.

Requirements derived from cooperation and awareness of other people's activities in the workplace

Requirements derived from the hardware platform the system will run on

Requirements derived from the marketing strategy of the client organization

Requirements derived from the way people actually work, rather than how process definitions say they ought to work

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Ethnography and Prototyping Combined

1 pts

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How does combining ethnography with prototyping improve the requirements elicitation process?

Ethnography is only used to evaluate the final prototype before delivery

The prototype replaces the need for ethnographic observation entirely

Prototyping proves the ethnographic findings are correct

Ethnography informs prototype development (fewer refinement cycles), and the prototype then focuses the ethnography by identifying new questions for the ethnographer to explore

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Limitations of Ethnography

2 pts

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Which of the following are recognized limitations of ethnography as a requirements elicitation technique? Select all that apply.

It cannot always identify organizational or domain requirements

It should be used to complement other elicitation approaches rather than as the sole technique

It always produces mathematically precise requirement statements

Its focus on end-user work means it may not identify new features that should be added to the system

It requires expensive specialized video recording equipment

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Undergraduate Professional

The Elicitation and Analysis Cycle

Correct Answer

Explanation

Definition of a Stakeholder

Correct Answer

Explanation

Stakeholders for MHC-PMS

Correct Answer

Explanation

Difficulties in Elicitation

Correct Answer

Explanation

Requirements Discovery — Definition

Correct Answer

Explanation

Viewpoints

Correct Answer

Explanation

Viewpoints — Independence

Correct Answer

Explanation

Types of Interviews

Interview Type

Description

Correct Answer

Explanation

What Interviews Are Good For

Correct Answer

Explanation

Two Reasons Interviews Fail for Domain Knowledge

Correct Answer

Explanation

Effective Interviewer Characteristics

Correct Answer

Explanation

Scenarios — Definition and Purpose

Correct Answer

Explanation

Elements of a Scenario

Correct Answer

Explanation

Use Cases — Origin

Correct Answer

Explanation

UML Use Case Diagram Elements

Correct Answer

Explanation

Use Cases vs. Scenarios

Correct Answer

Explanation

Limitations of Use Cases

Correct Answer

Explanation

Ethnography — Definition

Correct Answer

Explanation

Why Ethnography Discovers What Interviews Miss

Correct Answer

Explanation

Two Types of Requirements Ethnography Discovers

Correct Answer

Explanation

Ethnography and Prototyping Combined

Correct Answer

Explanation

Limitations of Ethnography

Correct Answer

Explanation

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