Software Process Models: Waterfall, Incremental & Reuse-Oriented

Waterfall Model Origin

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The waterfall model was first published as a software development process model derived from more general system engineering processes. Who is credited with this original publication?

Boehm (1981)

Dijkstra (1968)

Royce (1970)

Sommerville (1985)

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Waterfall Model Process Type

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Which of the following best describes how the waterfall model approaches planning and scheduling?

It is an agile process where planning is incremental

It is a plan-driven process where all activities must be planned and scheduled before work begins

It is a reuse-driven process requiring component analysis first

It is a flexible process that adapts planning based on customer feedback

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Waterfall Model Stages

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Which of the following are principal stages of the waterfall model? Select all that apply.

Requirements analysis and definition

Component analysis

System and software design

Integration and system testing

Sprint planning

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Waterfall Model Major Problem

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According to Sommerville, what is the major problem of the waterfall model?

It produces too many software versions

It requires reusable components that may not exist

The inflexible partitioning of the project into distinct stages makes it difficult to respond to changing customer requirements

It does not produce any documentation during development

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Waterfall Model Best Use Case

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The waterfall model should only be used when which of the following conditions is met?

The project has many unknown requirements that will emerge during development

The software needs to be delivered in multiple increments

The development team is small and co-located

The requirements are well understood and unlikely to change radically during system development

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Incremental Development Core Idea

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Missing

Incremental development is based on the idea of developing an initial implementation, exposing this to user comment, and evolving it through several versions. In this model, specification, development, and validation activities are ______.

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Incremental Development Benefits

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Which of the following are stated benefits of incremental development compared to the waterfall model? Select all that apply.

Reduced cost of accommodating changing customer requirements

Easier to get customer feedback on development work done

More rapid delivery and deployment of useful software

Complete system architecture is always defined at the start

Guaranteed zero system structure degradation

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Incremental Development Problems

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To complete the line match

Click on an item in the first group
Click on an item in the second group
To delete a match, double click on a line

Problem

Process visibility

System structure

Description

Tends to degrade as new increments are added unless time is spent on refactoring

Managers need regular deliverables to measure progress but developing quickly makes documentation costly

From a management perspective, the incremental approach has two problems. Match each problem with its correct description.

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Incremental Development and Agile

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How does Sommerville describe incremental software development in relation to agile approaches?

It is incompatible with agile approaches

It is a fundamental part of agile approaches and better than waterfall for most business and e-commerce systems

It is only suitable for safety-critical systems

It is the same as the waterfall model but with fewer stages

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Early Increments Priority

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In incremental development, which functionality is generally included in the early increments of the system?

The least-used and lowest-priority features

Documentation and user manuals only

The most important or most urgently required functionality

Integration and testing modules

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Reuse-Oriented Model Foundation

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The reuse-oriented software engineering approach is based on the existence of a significant number of reusable components. What does the system development process focus on in this model?

Writing all software from scratch to ensure quality

Following a strict sequential set of phases

Delivering the system in a single final release

Integrating reusable components into a system rather than developing them from scratch

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Reuse-Oriented Intermediate Stages

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Please drag and drop the options to sort them

Sort the intermediate stages of the reuse-oriented software engineering process model in the correct order.

Requirements modification

System design with reuse

Component analysis

Development and integration

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Types of Reusable Components

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Which of the following are the three types of software components that may be used in a reuse-oriented process? Select all that apply.

Web services developed according to service standards available for remote invocation

Collections of objects developed as a package (e.g., .NET or J2EE)

Stand-alone software systems configured for use in a particular environment

Custom modules written specifically for the current project

Formal mathematical proofs of correctness

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Reuse-Oriented Advantages and Disadvantages

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Which statement correctly describes a trade-off of the reuse-oriented software engineering approach?

It reduces development cost and risk but requirements compromises are inevitable and some control over system evolution is lost

It eliminates all requirements compromise because components are always perfect matches

It is the most expensive model but guarantees complete control over the system

It offers no cost reduction because integration is as expensive as development from scratch

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Component Analysis Stage

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During the component analysis stage of the reuse-oriented model, what is typically discovered about available components?

There is always an exact match for every requirement

Components always exceed the functionality required

Components must be rewritten entirely before they can be used

There is no exact match and components only provide some of the required functionality

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Comparing Process Activity Organization

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How are the four basic process activities (specification, development, validation, and evolution) organized differently in the waterfall model versus incremental development?

In both models they are always interleaved

In waterfall they are interleaved; in incremental development they are sequential

Both models organize activities identically — the difference is only in team size

In waterfall they are organized in sequence; in incremental development they are interleaved

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Waterfall and Large Systems

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Why are the problems of incremental development particularly acute for large, complex, long-lifetime systems?

Large systems are always safety-critical and need formal methods

Large systems have fewer requirements so incremental planning is wasteful

Large systems always use reuse-oriented approaches exclusively

Large systems need a stable framework or architecture, with team responsibilities clearly defined with respect to that architecture — this must be planned in advance rather than developed incrementally

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Combining Models

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True or False: The waterfall, incremental, and reuse-oriented process models are mutually exclusive and cannot be used together in the same project.

True

False

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Requirements Modification in Reuse-Oriented Model

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In the reuse-oriented process, what happens during the requirements modification stage if modifications to requirements are found to be impossible?

The project is cancelled

A new waterfall process is started from scratch

Requirements are removed from the project scope entirely

The component analysis activity may be re-entered to search for alternative solutions

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Classify Each Statement by Process Model

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Statements

×Commitments made early make it hard to respond to changing requirements

×System structure may degrade as new versions are added

×Requirements compromises are inevitable due to limited component matches

Waterfall

Incremental Development

Reuse-Oriented

Classify each of the following statements under the correct process model.

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Waterfall Model Origin

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Waterfall Model Process Type

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Waterfall Model Stages

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Waterfall Model Major Problem

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Waterfall Model Best Use Case

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Incremental Development Core Idea

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Incremental Development Benefits

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Incremental Development Problems

Problem

Description

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Incremental Development and Agile

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Early Increments Priority

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Reuse-Oriented Model Foundation

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Reuse-Oriented Intermediate Stages

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Types of Reusable Components

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Reuse-Oriented Advantages and Disadvantages

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Component Analysis Stage

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Comparing Process Activity Organization

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Waterfall and Large Systems

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Combining Models

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Requirements Modification in Reuse-Oriented Model

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Classify Each Statement by Process Model

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