Architectural Design - Review

Architecture Output

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What is the output of the architectural design process?

A set of unit test cases for individual components

A fully detailed class diagram for every module in the system

An architectural model that describes how the system is organized as a set of communicating components

A deployment script for pushing code to production servers

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Architecture vs. Non-Functional Requirements

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Which of the following statements about the relationship between software architecture and non-functional requirements is CORRECT?

Non-functional requirements are independent of architecture and can always be met through coding optimisations alone

Architecture only affects functional requirements; non-functional requirements are handled at the testing stage

Non-functional requirements only influence the choice of programming language, not the architecture

The way in which components are organised and communicate is the dominant influence on whether non-functional requirements such as performance, security, and maintainability can be met

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Architectural Levels of Abstraction

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Drag the correct term into each placeholder.

(1) is concerned with the architecture of individual programs - how a single program is decomposed into components. (2) is concerned with complex enterprise systems that include other systems, programs, and program components distributed over different computers.

Please drag and drop the selected option in the right place or type it instead

Architecture in the small

Architecture in the large

Micro-architecture

Macro-design

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Krutchen's Views - Identifying the Right One

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A software manager needs to plan which developer teams will build which modules, and which team is responsible for the authentication component. Which architectural view is most relevant?

Logical view

Process view

Development view

Physical view

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MVC in a Web Application

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In the web application MVC architecture shown below, which component handles HTTP request processing, application-specific logic, and data validation?

View

Model

Browser

Controller

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Layered Architecture - When to Use

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The Layered architecture pattern is most appropriate in which of the following situations? Select ALL that apply.

When building new facilities on top of existing systems

When there is a requirement for multi-level security

When all components must be able to interact directly with all other components simultaneously

When real-time performance is the only critical requirement and latency must be minimised

When development is spread across several teams with each team responsible for a layer of functionality

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Repository Pattern - Advantages

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Which of the following are genuine advantages of the Repository architectural pattern? Select ALL that apply.

Components can be independent - they do not need to know about the existence of other components

All data can be managed consistently - for example, backups can be done at the same time since all data is in one place

It is always easy to distribute the repository across multiple machines

Changes made by one component can be propagated to all other components through the repository

The repository is never a single point of failure because it is automatically replicated

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Client-Server vs. Repository

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A startup is building a new collaborative code editing platform. Developers need to work on shared project files simultaneously, with tools like a linter, auto-formatter, and documentation generator all accessing the same codebase. Which architectural pattern is more appropriate for managing the shared codebase among tools, and why?

MVC - because there is a user interface, data model, and controller

Repository - because multiple tools need to share large amounts of data from a central store, without needing to communicate directly with each other

Pipe and Filter - because the code flows sequentially through linting, formatting, and documentation

Client-Server - because each developer is a client accessing a server

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Pipe and Filter - Characteristics

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Which of the following are TRUE about the Pipe and Filter pattern? Select ALL that apply.

Each filter (processing component) is discrete and performs one type of data transformation

It is ideal for interactive systems with graphical user interfaces

When transformations are sequential with batch data processing, it is called a batch sequential model

The transformations may execute sequentially or in parallel

It originated from the Unix operating system where processes could be linked using pipes

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Architectural Patterns - Full Matching

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To complete the line match

Click on an item in the first group
Click on an item in the second group
To delete a match, double click on a line

Pattern

Model-View-Controller

Repository

Layered Architecture

Pipe and Filter

Client-Server

Defining Characteristic

Separates presentation and interaction from system data into three logical components that interact with each other

Organises the system into layers where each layer provides services to the layer above and only uses the layer directly beneath it

All data is managed in a central store accessible to all components; components do not interact directly

Functionality is organised into services, with each service delivered from a separate server accessed by clients over a network

Processing components (filters) each perform one data transformation; data flows between them as in a pipeline

Match each architectural pattern to its single most defining characteristic.

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Transaction Atomicity

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A user makes an online flight booking. The system deducts the seat from the available inventory, charges the credit card, and sends a confirmation email. Halfway through, the network fails after the seat is reserved but before the payment is processed. What is the correct behaviour of a transaction processing system in this scenario?

The payment step is retried automatically until the network recovers

The seat remains reserved and the booking is marked as partially complete

The entire transaction is rolled back - none of the operations (seat reservation, payment, confirmation) take permanent effect until all steps are completed successfully

The confirmation email is sent regardless so the user is not left uncertain

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Compiler Components - Sequence

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Please drag and drop the options to sort them

Arrange the six core components of a programming language compiler in the correct order of processing, from source code input to machine code output.

Code Generator

Lexical Analyzer

Semantic Analyzer

Syntax Tree (internal representation)

Syntax Analyzer

Symbol Table (lookup)

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Identifying Application Architecture Types

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Systems

×An ATM network allowing customers to withdraw cash and check balances

×A Python interpreter that executes Python scripts

×A hospital patient records system accessed through a web browser

×A payroll system that reads employee data, applies tax rules, and generates pay slips

×An XML to JSON converter used in a data pipeline

×An e-commerce platform where users browse products and place orders

Transaction Processing

Information System

Language Processing

Classify each of the following systems as either a Transaction Processing system, an Information System, or a Language Processing system.

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Performance Architectural Strategy

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A financial trading platform has performance as its most critical non-functional requirement - it must process thousands of trades per second with minimal latency. Which architectural strategy is recommended?

Store all data in a central repository so that all components share consistent state

Use a layered architecture with security validation at each layer to ensure reliability

Localize critical operations within a small number of large components all deployed on the same computer to minimize inter-component communications and network overhead

Use fine-grain, self-contained components distributed across many machines to maximize parallel processing

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Information System - Three Server Tiers

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Please drag and drop the options to sort them

Modern web-based information systems are often implemented as multi-tier client-server architectures. Sort the three server tiers in order from the one closest to the user to the one closest to the data.

Database server - moves data to and from the database and handles transaction management

Web server - handles all user communications with the UI implemented in a web browser

Application server - implements application-specific logic and information storage and retrieval requests

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Architectural Pattern Description Components

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A stylized architectural pattern description should include which of the following elements? Select ALL that apply.

An example of a system type where the pattern is used

The advantages and disadvantages of the pattern

A brief description of the system organization, usually with an associated graphical model

The pattern name

When the pattern should and should not be used

The complete source code for implementing the pattern

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Which of the following statements are TRUE? Select ALL that apply.

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A software architecture is a description of how a software system is organized; properties such as performance, security, and availability are influenced by the architecture used

Language processing systems are used to translate texts from one language into another and to carry out the instructions specified in the input language; they include a translator and an abstract machine that executes the generated language

Possible architectural views include a conceptual view, logical view, process view, development view, and physical view

Architectural patterns are a means of reusing knowledge about generic system architectures - they describe the architecture, explain when it may be used, and discuss its advantages and disadvantages

Transaction processing systems are batch systems that run without user interaction and process large files overnight

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Refactoring Architecture vs. Components

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Why is refactoring a system architecture considered significantly more expensive than refactoring individual components?

Because programming languages do not support architectural-level abstractions

Because architecture documentation takes longer to update than code

Because architectural changes affect the overall structure, the interfaces between many components, and how the system is deployed - touching many parts of the system simultaneously, unlike component-level refactoring which is relatively localised

Because all architects must be retrained whenever the architecture changes

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Generic Application Architecture - Uses

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Please drag and drop the options to sort them

Sort the five uses of a generic application architecture model from the most strategic/high-level use to the most tactical/operational use.

Vocabulary for talking about types of applications

Starting point for the architectural design process

Design checklist to validate consistency

Means of assessing components for reuse

Way of organising the work of the development team

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Architecture Output

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Explanation

Architecture vs. Non-Functional Requirements

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Architectural Levels of Abstraction

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Krutchen's Views - Identifying the Right One

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Explanation

MVC in a Web Application

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Layered Architecture - When to Use

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Repository Pattern - Advantages

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Client-Server vs. Repository

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Pipe and Filter - Characteristics

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Architectural Patterns - Full Matching

Pattern

Defining Characteristic

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Transaction Atomicity

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Compiler Components - Sequence

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Identifying Application Architecture Types

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Performance Architectural Strategy

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Information System - Three Server Tiers

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Architectural Pattern Description Components

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Which of the following statements are TRUE? Select ALL that apply.

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Refactoring Architecture vs. Components

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Generic Application Architecture - Uses

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