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Sociotechnical Systems Stack - Equipment Layer

publish date: 2026/09/30 20:54:1.711302 UTC

The sociotechnical systems stack consists of seven layers: equipment, operating system, communications and data management, application, business process, organizational, and social.

Which layer of the sociotechnical systems stack is composed of hardware devices, some of which may be computers?

Reference

Software Engineering, Ian Sommerville, 9th edition


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