Incremental Development

Core idea of incremental development

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Incremental development is presented as an alternative to the strictly phased waterfall model.

Which statement best describes the core idea of incremental development?

The system is developed and delivered in a series of versions, each adding functionality.

All functionality is delivered in a single release after all phases are completed.

Only the user interface is developed incrementally; the rest is waterfall.

The system is developed entirely by reusing existing components.

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Interleaving activities

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In incremental development, the fundamental activities of specification, development, and validation are not strictly separated.

How are these activities organized in incremental development?

They are interleaved, with rapid feedback between them.

They are completely replaced by maintenance activities.

They are performed only once at the start of the project.

They are strictly sequential with no overlap.

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Diagram: incremental development

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The following diagram illustrates incremental development.

What does this diagram emphasize about incremental development?

Only validation is repeated; specification and development are done once.

The process eliminates the need for any specification.

The system evolves through multiple intermediate versions before the final version.

All functionality is delivered in a single step.

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Benefits: accommodating change

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Incremental development is often preferred when requirements are likely to change.

Why is the cost of accommodating changing requirements generally lower in incremental development than in the waterfall model?

All increments must be completely redesigned from scratch.

Only the current increment needs to be changed, with less documentation to redo.

Requirements are never documented, so they cannot change.

Changes are forbidden after the first increment.

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Benefits: customer feedback

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Incremental development allows customers to see working software earlier.

Which of the following is a key benefit of this early feedback?

Customers are excluded from the development process.

Feedback is only collected after the final version is delivered.

It eliminates the need for any validation activities.

Customers can evaluate implemented functionality and refine their requirements.

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Benefits: early delivery

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Incremental development can deliver useful software earlier than a pure waterfall approach.

Which statement best captures this advantage?

Early increments are always discarded and never used.

Customers can start using and gaining value from partial functionality before the entire system is complete.

The system is never deployed until all increments are finished.

Only documentation is delivered incrementally, not software.

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Plan-driven vs agile incremental

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Incremental development can be used in both plan-driven and agile processes.

Which statement correctly distinguishes these two uses?

In plan-driven incremental development, increments are identified in advance; in agile, later increments depend on progress and customer priorities.

Both approaches require all increments to be defined only at the end.

In agile incremental development, all increments are fixed at the start; in plan-driven, they are discovered later.

Only agile processes can use incremental development.

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Problem: process visibility

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From a management perspective, incremental development has some drawbacks.

Why can process visibility be a problem in incremental development?

The process forbids any form of reporting or communication.

Managers are not allowed to see any part of the system.

All increments are invisible to users until the final release.

Rapidly evolving software may not be accompanied by detailed documents for each version.

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Problem: structural degradation

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Another issue with incremental development is the risk of structural degradation.

What causes this degradation?

Using too much documentation in each increment.

Frequent changes and additions without refactoring can corrupt the system structure.

Rewriting the system from scratch for each increment.

Strictly enforcing architectural constraints at every step.

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Large systems and architecture

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For large, complex, long-lifetime systems, incremental development faces particular challenges.

Why is a stable architecture especially important in such systems?

Different teams need clearly defined responsibilities with respect to a shared architecture.

Architecture is irrelevant for large systems.

Each team should define its own architecture independently with no coordination.

Architecture should be discovered only after all increments are complete.

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Incremental development vs incremental delivery

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Incremental development and incremental delivery are related but distinct concepts.

Which statement correctly distinguishes them?

They are identical and interchangeable terms.

Incremental development may produce internal versions for feedback; incremental delivery means deploying increments into real operational use.

Incremental delivery refers only to documentation, not software.

Incremental development always requires deployment; incremental delivery never does.

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Classification: benefits vs problems

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Statement

×Reduced cost of accommodating change

×Easier customer feedback

×More rapid delivery of useful software

×Process visibility may be lower

×System structure may degrade

Benefit

Problem

Classify each statement as a benefit or a problem of incremental development.

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Match: incremental vs waterfall characteristics

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Characteristic

×High documentation and phase visibility

×Early delivery of partial functionality

×Difficult to accommodate late changes

×Interleaved specification and development

Waterfall

Incremental

Match each characteristic to the process model it best describes.

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Diagram: overlapping increments

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The following diagram shows overlapping increments in development.

What does the overlap between increments represent?

Only one increment can be worked on at a time.

Each increment replaces the previous one entirely with no reuse.

Work on a new increment can begin before the previous increment is fully completed.

Increments must be completed strictly one after another with no overlap.

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Incremental development and user perception

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Users often find it difficult to judge progress from design documents alone.

How does incremental development address this issue?

By providing working software that users can see and interact with at early stages.

By eliminating all user involvement until the end.

By providing only textual descriptions of the system.

By focusing solely on internal code quality with no user-facing artifacts.

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Incremental development and risk management

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Incremental development can also help manage project risk.

Which of the following is a risk-related advantage of incremental development?

Only low-risk features are implemented first, leaving critical ones to the end.

Risk is ignored because increments are small.

All risks are postponed until the final increment.

High-risk or critical functionality can be implemented in early increments to validate feasibility.

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Classification: plan-driven vs agile incremental

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Statement

×Increments are identified in advance

×Later increments depend on progress and customer priorities

×Detailed upfront planning of all increments

×Backlog is reprioritized frequently

Plan-driven

Agile

Classify each statement as describing plan-driven incremental development or agile incremental development.

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Incremental development and organizational procedures

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Large organizations often have established bureaucratic procedures.

Why can these procedures create problems for incremental or agile processes?

They may be designed for document-heavy, phase-based processes and not align with informal, iterative approaches.

They always require the use of incremental development.

They are only concerned with hardware development, not software.

They eliminate the need for any process model.

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Match: benefit to stakeholder

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To complete the line match

Click on an item in the first group
Click on an item in the second group
To delete a match, double click on a line

Benefit

Early delivery of useful software

Reduced cost of accommodating change

Easier customer feedback

Stakeholder

Customer

Development team

Match each benefit of incremental development to the stakeholder who most directly experiences it.

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Incremental development: prioritizing increments

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In incremental development, teams often choose which functionality to implement first based on business value, technical risk, or user urgency. The diagram below shows a simple prioritization matrix used during planning.

Based on common incremental development practices, which quadrant is typically implemented first?

High Value / Low Risk

Low Value / High Risk

High Value / High Risk

Low Value / Low Risk

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Core idea of incremental development

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Explanation

Interleaving activities

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Explanation

Diagram: incremental development

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Explanation

Benefits: accommodating change

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Explanation

Benefits: customer feedback

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Explanation

Benefits: early delivery

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Explanation

Plan-driven vs agile incremental

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Explanation

Problem: process visibility

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Problem: structural degradation

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Large systems and architecture

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Explanation

Incremental development vs incremental delivery

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Explanation

Classification: benefits vs problems

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Explanation

Match: incremental vs waterfall characteristics

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Explanation

Diagram: overlapping increments

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Incremental development and user perception

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Explanation

Incremental development and risk management

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Explanation

Classification: plan-driven vs agile incremental

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Explanation

Incremental development and organizational procedures

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Explanation

Match: benefit to stakeholder

Benefit

Stakeholder

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Explanation

Incremental development: prioritizing increments

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