Punnett Square & Genetics Simulator
An interactive genetics tool that simulates monohybrid, dihybrid, and sex-linked crosses with real-time ratio calculations, visual Punnett squares, and multi-format data export options.
Punnett Square Matrix
Genotypic Ratios
Phenotypic Ratios
How to Use the Simulator
Select the Inheritance Mode
Choose between Monohybrid (single gene trait), Dihybrid (two unlinked gene traits), or Sex-Linked (X-chromosome linked inheritance).
Input Parent Genotypes
Enter letters representing alleles for both parents. Uppercase letters represent dominant alleles, while lowercase letters represent recessive alleles.
Aa, AA, aa).AaBb, AABB).XBXb for carrier female, XBY for male).Analyze Ratios & Export
The grid automatically computes all possible gamete combinations and displays the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Click the Export Results button in the header to copy formatted summaries, download JSON/CSV datasets, or generate a PDF report.
Principles of Mendelian Genetics
A Punnett square is a visual diagram invented by Reginald C. Punnett in 1905 to predict the probability of an offspring inheriting a particular genotype resulting from a cross between two parental organisms.
Law of Segregation
During gamete formation (meiosis), the alleles for each gene segregate from two copies so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete development, producing $2^n$ unique gamete combinations (where $n$ is the number of heterozygous genes).
Mathematical Ratio Benchmarks
| Cross Type | Parental Genotypes | Expected Phenotypic Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| Monohybrid Hybrid Cross | Aa × Aa | 3 : 1 (Dominant : Recessive) |
| Dihybrid Hybrid Cross | AaBb × AaBb | 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 |
| Monohybrid Test Cross | Aa × aa | 1 : 1 |