Architectural Patterns

What is an Architectural Pattern?

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Which of the following best defines an architectural pattern?

A formal specification language used to describe system behavior

A stylized, abstract description of good practice that has been tried and tested in different systems and environments, describing a successful system organization

A specific algorithm for solving a computational problem efficiently

A programming design pattern such as Singleton or Factory

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MVC — Component Responsibilities

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To complete the line match

Click on an item in the first group
Click on an item in the second group
To delete a match, double click on a line

MVC Component

Model

View

Controller

Responsibility

Manages system data and associated operations; notifies View of state changes

Defines and manages how data is presented to the user; sends user events to the Controller

Manages user interaction (key presses, clicks); maps user actions to model updates and selects the View

The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern structures a system into three logical components. Match each component to its responsibility.

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MVC — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Which of the following correctly states an advantage AND a disadvantage of the MVC pattern?

Advantage: eliminates the need for a database; Disadvantage: cannot be used for web applications

Advantage: removes the Controller entirely in simple applications; Disadvantage: the View must always know about the database

Advantage: allows data to change independently of its representation, and supports presenting the same data in different ways; Disadvantage: can involve additional code and complexity when the data model and interactions are simple

Advantage: requires no knowledge of object-oriented programming; Disadvantage: makes it impossible to update the View without updating the Model

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MVC — When to Use

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The MVC pattern is most appropriately used in which of the following situations? Select ALL that apply.

When there are multiple ways to view and interact with data

When the system has a single, fixed user interface that will never change

For web-based application systems with complex user interaction

When future requirements for interaction and presentation of data are unknown

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Layered Architecture — Core Concept

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In a layered architecture, what is the key rule that governs how layers interact with each other?

Each layer can call any other layer directly to optimize performance

The top layer manages all layers directly, with no inter-layer communication

Each layer only relies on the facilities and services offered by the layer immediately beneath it

Layers communicate exclusively through shared global variables

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LIBSYS — Layered Architecture Example

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The LIBSYS system uses a five-layer architecture to provide controlled electronic access to copyright material from university libraries. Arrange the LIBSYS layers in order from top (user-facing) to bottom (data sources).

Individual library databases (DB1, DB2 … DBn)

Library Index

Distributed Search, Document Retrieval, Rights Manager, Accounting

LIBSYS Login, Forms and Query Manager, Print Manager

Web Browser Interface

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Layered Architecture — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Which of the following correctly identify an advantage AND a disadvantage of the layered architecture pattern?

Advantage: removes the need for any security validation; Disadvantage: performance always improves with more layers

Advantage: allows replacement of entire layers so long as the interface is maintained; Disadvantage: providing a clean separation between layers is often difficult, and a high-level layer may need to interact directly with lower-level layers

Advantage: every layer can access every other layer freely; Disadvantage: requires the use of UML for documentation

Advantage: eliminates all inter-component communication; Disadvantage: can only be used for systems with exactly four layers

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Repository Architecture — Core Concept

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In a Repository architectural pattern, how do system components interact with each other?

Components interact directly with each other using method calls

A single master component orchestrates all interactions between other components

Components communicate via message queues distributed across a network

All data is managed in a central repository accessible to all components; components do not interact directly, only through the repository

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Repository Pattern — IDE Example

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The diagram below shows an IDE organized as a Repository architecture. Which component acts as the central repository through which all other tools share data?

Design Analyser

Code Generators

UML Editors

Project Repository

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Repository vs. Blackboard

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In a Repository pattern, the repository can be either passive or active (blackboard model). Which of the following correctly distinguishes these two variants?

Both variants work identically — the terms are interchangeable

Passive: components are triggered when data they need becomes available; Active (blackboard): control is the responsibility of the components using the repository

Passive: control is the responsibility of the components using the repository; Active (blackboard): components are triggered when particular data becomes available in the repository

Passive repositories are only used in AI systems; active repositories are only used in databases

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Client-Server Architecture — Three Components

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A system that follows the Client-Server pattern has three major components. Drag the correct term into each placeholder.

A client-server system is composed of: (1) that offer services to other components (e.g., print servers, file servers); (2) that call on these services — several instances may execute concurrently on different computers; and (3) that allows clients to access the services, usually implemented using Internet protocols.

Please drag and drop the selected option in the right place or type it instead

A set of servers

A set of clients

A network

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Film Library Client-Server Architecture

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A multi-user web-based film and photograph library uses a client-server architecture with separate servers for different media types. Why are still pictures maintained on a separate server from video?

Because pictures and video use completely different network protocols that cannot coexist

Because video frames must be transmitted quickly and in synchrony at relatively low resolution, so video compression can be handled by the video server, while still pictures must be maintained at high resolution on a dedicated server

Because the web server cannot handle both types of content simultaneously

Because the database schema for pictures and video cannot be combined in a single system

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Client-Server — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Statements

×Servers can be distributed across a network; general functionality can be available to all clients without being implemented by all services

×Each service is a single point of failure making it susceptible to denial-of-service attacks or server failure

×New servers can be added and integrated without affecting other parts of the system

×Performance may be unpredictable because it depends on the network as well as the system

×Management problems may arise if servers are owned by different organisations

Advantage

Disadvantage

Classify each of the following statements as either an Advantage or a Disadvantage of the Client-Server architectural pattern.

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Pipe and Filter — Core Concept

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Which of the following best describes the Pipe and Filter architectural pattern?

A master component delegates tasks to worker components in parallel

Components share a central database and trigger each other when data changes

Layers of functionality are stacked, with each layer calling only the layer directly beneath it

Each processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of data transformation; data flows as in a pipe from one component to another for processing

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Invoice Processing with Pipe and Filter

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An organisation uses a Pipe and Filter system to process weekly invoices. The system reads issued invoices, identifies which payments have been made, issues receipts for paid invoices, and sends reminders for overdue payments. Arrange the processing stages in the correct pipeline order.

Issue Payment Reminder → Reminders output

Read Issued Invoices

Find Payments Due → Issue Payment Reminder

Identify Payments

Issue Receipts → Receipts output

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Pipe and Filter — When NOT to Use

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Which type of system is most difficult to implement using a Pipe and Filter architecture, and why?

Compiler systems, because lexical and syntactic analysis cannot be performed in sequence

Batch processing systems, because they require sequential transformations that pipes cannot support

Interactive systems with graphical user interfaces, because they require event-based control such as mouse clicks and menu selections which do not translate easily into a stream of data for pipeline processing

Database management systems, because all data must be stored centrally

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Architectural Patterns — Identifying the Right Pattern

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System Description

×An IDE where a UML editor, code generator, and design analyser all read and write to a shared version-controlled project store

×A web application where a browser submits forms, a controller processes the input, and the resulting data is displayed in multiple dashboard views

×A banking application where ATM clients connect via the Internet to separate account servers and printing servers

×A payroll system that reads employee records, calculates tax, applies deductions, and generates pay slips in sequential stages

MVC

Repository

Client-server

Pipe and Filter

Match each system description to the architectural pattern it most naturally follows.

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What is an Architectural Pattern?

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Explanation

MVC — Component Responsibilities

MVC Component

Responsibility

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Explanation

MVC — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Explanation

MVC — When to Use

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Explanation

Layered Architecture — Core Concept

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Explanation

LIBSYS — Layered Architecture Example

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Explanation

Layered Architecture — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Explanation

Repository Architecture — Core Concept

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Repository Pattern — IDE Example

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Repository vs. Blackboard

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Client-Server Architecture — Three Components

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Film Library Client-Server Architecture

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Client-Server — Advantages and Disadvantages

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Pipe and Filter — Core Concept

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Invoice Processing with Pipe and Filter

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Pipe and Filter — When NOT to Use

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Architectural Patterns — Identifying the Right Pattern

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